天平砝碼由來(lái) 至今沒(méi)有歷史資料表明稱重科學(xué)起源的確切時(shí)間及何時(shí)人類發(fā)明了天平砝碼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制。然而，我們知道，稱重與計(jì)量即使不是zui古老的科學(xué)，也是如同藝術(shù)樣貫穿幾個(gè)世紀(jì)并持續(xù)使用的古老科學(xué)之。 臺(tái)小型等臂天平被發(fā)現(xiàn)于埃及的座的古老墓穴中，年代約在公元前5000年前，它也被*為是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的zui古老的天平。這臺(tái)被使用了7000年的小天平由紅色石灰?guī)r雕刻而成，長(zhǎng)度不到3.5英寸。 天平砝碼除了圣經(jīng)，沒(méi)有什么能更好的為度量衡之于人類的重要性提供參考依據(jù)了。幾乎從*頁(yè)就揭示了上帝指引人類要使用“公平的天平，公平的砝碼”。在申命記中，摩西提醒上帝指揮的以色列人：“你囊中不可有小兩樣砝碼；你家中不可有小兩樣的升斗，應(yīng)當(dāng)用對(duì)準(zhǔn)公平的砝碼，公平的升斗，這樣你才能有個(gè)*的、公平的衡量。”（申命記：25:13－15） 天平砝碼從zui開(kāi)始，原始人為了交換物品就懂得了對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的需求，這就像他們做了件很自然的事情，他們采用自己的身體作為初始測(cè)量工具。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的手臂可以行粗略的但是可以滿足長(zhǎng)度測(cè)量的需要。在他們身體上逐漸發(fā)展出來(lái)些計(jì)量單位比如：手指，拇指，掌寬，掌長(zhǎng)，虎口長(zhǎng)，肘長(zhǎng)，碼（肚臍到手伸平指尖的長(zhǎng)度），丈長(zhǎng)（雙臂展開(kāi)的長(zhǎng)度，從頭到腳的長(zhǎng)度），尺（腳掌長(zhǎng)度），步伐跨度，這些方法如此的方便以至被持續(xù)使用了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)；盡管這些方法顯然呈多樣化，但是其中些直到今天仍被使用。 Evolution of Weights 天平砝碼的演變 然而，砝碼并沒(méi)有那么簡(jiǎn)單。人類不可能設(shè)計(jì)出這種通過(guò)身體的部分測(cè)量就能決定砝碼重量的方法。人體也不可能顯示出個(gè)對(duì)于重量判斷的直觀數(shù)字。為了對(duì)比砝碼，人類早期僅僅通過(guò)“舉”的意識(shí)來(lái)判斷——這種很隨意的方法在商業(yè)活動(dòng)中幾乎是無(wú)用的。 因此人們轉(zhuǎn)向了自然界。如谷物的種子與石頭這些自然物質(zhì)提供了zui早的測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用來(lái)行稱量，括人體的稱重和貨物交易。古希臘和羅馬人用小麥的種子作為個(gè)單位來(lái)稱重測(cè)量其他與之相當(dāng)?shù)奈镔|(zhì)，這種方法發(fā)通常用于物物交換或者貿(mào)易。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，農(nóng)民帶著他的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品去賣，這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是以小麥的重量作為砝碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。阿拉伯人改了這些技術(shù)并且利用金銀和寶石建立了砝碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。阿拉伯人提高測(cè)量技術(shù)并建立了金、銀及寶石的稱重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 其他谷物和植物的種子也被選中。在印度，芥菜種子就用來(lái)計(jì)量金子的重量，甘草的種子和角豆樹(shù)的種子也曾被使用過(guò)。角豆樹(shù)的英文單詞的衍生出了克拉這個(gè)詞匯，直到今天仍被作為衡量金和鉆石值的單位使用。 zui終，天平砝碼石頭取代了種子作為砝碼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在古巴比倫的拉伽什發(fā)現(xiàn)了zui早的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)砝碼單位是邁納，這就追溯到了公元前2400年。這個(gè)梨狀的石頭有4英寸高，1.5英鎊重。顯然，沒(méi)有砝碼的話，這臺(tái)zui早的埃及天平毫無(wú)用處，所以，古巴比倫的邁納當(dāng)時(shí)必定被作為某種衡器的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)砝碼使用過(guò)，即使我們沒(méi)有找到這臺(tái)衡器。 砝碼的演變并不像衡器那樣具有戲劇性，因?yàn)轫来a只是個(gè)比對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建立。對(duì)于這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或或小的單位都可能源于某個(gè)特定部分或者基本單位的多樣性。甚至于zui的現(xiàn)代砝碼都與幾千年前的古砝碼十分的相似。區(qū)別僅僅是在這些單位被定義的程度不同以及它們之間的準(zhǔn)確率也不盡相同。事實(shí)上，邁納可能在現(xiàn)如今衡器實(shí)驗(yàn)室的架盤天平上仍被使用著。 Evolution of Weighing Scales 天平砝碼的演變 不同于砝碼，天平的歷史是值得我們關(guān)注的。今天的現(xiàn)代化計(jì)算機(jī)稱重系統(tǒng)與古尼羅河發(fā)現(xiàn)的它的前輩毫無(wú)相似之處。 歷史資料表明古埃及和古巴比倫的天平都是粗慥的。古代的天平工具是個(gè)兩頭和中間有孔的木橫梁。條繩索穿過(guò)中心孔來(lái)支持橫梁，托盤被穿過(guò)兩端的繩子吊起，就這樣組成了臺(tái)天平，這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)叫做等臂天平?？慷吮P子中的物料重量來(lái)平衡另端的物料重量，中心扮演著支點(diǎn)的角色。 從*埃及天平到羅馬時(shí)代，等臂天平是當(dāng)時(shí)僅有的天平。出現(xiàn)在基督出生的時(shí)代羅馬的桿秤成為了有史以來(lái)*個(gè)在天平歷*的新的原理創(chuàng)新。 當(dāng)我們?cè)谒伎脊虐＜?、古巴比倫和古希臘的這些杰出成就時(shí)——金字塔，間帶有運(yùn)河、下水管道系統(tǒng)的城市、擁有眾多船只的艦隊(duì)，的數(shù)學(xué)和天文學(xué)——我們很想知道為什么他們沒(méi)有在稱重這樣重要的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域發(fā)現(xiàn)新的原理呢。然而原因很清楚：等臂天平直是稱量的方法。 天平砝碼求知欲直是偉科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要?jiǎng)恿?。文明生活方式的發(fā)展需要稱重計(jì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在人類之間，若沒(méi)有些參考或者比對(duì)的形式用來(lái)行可視的平等性交換，就不可能有規(guī)模的商業(yè)。*臺(tái)古埃及天平已證明了目的性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要比單純?nèi)祟惖母杏X(jué)更加必要，離開(kāi)了度量衡制度，商業(yè)也不可能從易貨的制度上取得步。 稱重科學(xué)依靠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位行的對(duì)比。因?yàn)楦鞣N各樣的影響，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)砝碼起源和發(fā)展在歷*時(shí)快時(shí)慢，變化復(fù)雜。在我們下個(gè)部分，我們將回顧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)砝碼的影響和變革。 天平砝碼 http://www.2233yksy.cn/ 英文對(duì)照： Balance weight origin So far no historical data show that the standard for the exact time when weighingorigin of science and invention of the balance weight. However, as we know,weighing and measuring if not the oldest science, one of the oldest science islike art through the centuries and continues to use. A small balance arm was found in Egypt in a prehistoric ancient tomb, in about 5000 BC, it has also been recognized as the oldest yet found balance. This is to use the 7000 small scales by red limestone carving, length less than 3.5 inches. Balance weight in addition to the Bible, nothing better to measure the importanceof balance to the human reference. Almost from the first page reveals God to guide mankind to use "a fair balance, fair weight". In Deuteronomy, Mose reminded the Israelites God command: "do not have in your bag two and a smallsample weights; you can not have one big one small two kinds of measures,should be a true weight, fair measure, so you can have a compley, fairmeasure." （Deuteronomy: 25:1315） Balance weights from the beginning, the primitive people to exchange goodslearned for the standard requirement, it's like they did a very natural thing, they use their bodies as the initial measurement tools. They found his arm can be rough but can meet the need of length measurement. On their bodies developed in some units of measurement such as: finger, thumb, palm palm wide, long, a span long, a cubit long, a code （navel hands stretched flat finger length （length）,ten feet long arms spread length, from head to foot, a foot （feet） long the pace ofspan, convenient）, these methods so that continue to be used for centuries;although these methods obviously vary, but some of them until today is still in use. Evolution of Weights The evolution of the balance weight. However, the weight is not so simple. Human beings cannot design a method forthe measurement of body weight can be part of the decision of weight. The human body can not be displayed for a weight judgment of visual digital. In order to compare weight, early human to judge only by the "lift" Consciousness -- thevery casual is almost useless in commercial activities. So people turned to nature. Such as seed and stone grain of these naturalmaterials provides the earliest measurement standard for weighing, including human body weighing and trading goods. The ancient Greeks and Romans used in wheat seeds as a unit of measurement and weighing other equivalent substances, this method is often used to barter or trade. For example, the farmerwith his agricultural products to sell, these agricultural products are wheat weight as weight standard. The Arabs improved these technology and the gold and silver and precious stones to build the weight standard. The Arabs to improve measurement technology and the establishment of the weighing standard gold,silver and precious stones. Other grains and seeds of plants were also selected. In India, mustard seeds are used to measure the weight of gold, licorice seeds and carob seed also had been used. Carob tree English words derived from carat this vocabulary, in use until today is still as a measure of gold and diamond value unit. Finally, the balance weight stone replaced the seed as the weight standard. Inancient Babylon Lagas found the standard weight unit is the first miner, whichdates back to the 2400 b.c.. This pear shaped stone are 4 inches tall, 1.5pounds. Obviously, no weight, the earliest Egyptian balance useless, so,Babylonian Mina at that time must be as the standard weight a weighing apparatus used, even if we don't find this weighing. Evolution is not weighing weight so dramatic, because the weight is only acomparison standard establishment. In this standard, or big or small units may be due to the diversity of a particular part or the basic unit. Even in the most accurate modern weights with thousands of years ago, ancient weight very similar. The only difference is the degree of accuracy is defined in these different units and their accuracy are not the same. In fact, the miner may be in now the most advanced instrument laboratory set balance is still being used. Evolution of Weighing Scales The evolution of the balance weight. Different from the weight, balance of history is worthy of our attention. Today the modern computer weighing system and the ancient Nile found no resemblance toits predecessors. Historical data show that the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian balance arecoarse and sincere. The ancient balance tool is the wooden beams with holes at both ends and in the middle of A. A rope through the center hole to supportbeam, both ends of the tray is through the rope hoist, such a balance, thedesign called for equal arm balance. By the end of the plate material weightbalance on the other end of the material weight, center plays a pivotal role. From the first Egyptian balance to the Rome age, equal arm balance was the only balance. In the era of steelyard Christ was born in Rome has become the first ever in the history of the new balance theory innovation. |
